A ballpoint pen is a autograph apparatus with an centralized ink backlog and a apple for a point. The centralized alcove is abounding with a adhesive ink that is dispensed at its tip during use by the rolling activity of a baby sphere. The sphere, usually from 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm in diameter, may be fabricated of brass, steel, tungsten carbide,1 or any durable, adamantine (nondeformable) material.
Tuesday 13 March 2012
History
The accomplish of economical, reliable ballpoint pens arose from experimentation, avant-garde chemistry, and the attention accomplishment capabilities of 20th aeon technology. Many patents common are testaments to bootless attempts at authoritative these pens commercially applicable and broadly available. The ballpoint pen went through several failures in architecture throughout its aboriginal stages.
The aboriginal apparent on a ballpoint pen2 was issued on 30 October 1888, to John Loud,3 a covering tanner, who was attempting to accomplish a autograph apparatus that would be able to address on his covering products, which then-common bubbler pens could not do. Loud's pen had a baby alternating animate ball, captivated in abode by a socket. Although it could be acclimated to mark asperous surfaces such as leather, as Loud intended, it accepted to be too base for letter autograph and was not commercially viable.
In the aeon amid 1904 and 1946 particularly, alternatives or improvements to the bubbler pen were invented. Slavoljub Eduard Penkala invented a solid-ink bubbler pen in 1907, a German artist called Baum took out a ballpoint apparent in 1910, and yet addition ballpoint pen accessory was patented by Van Vechten Riesburg in 1916. In these inventions, the ink was placed in a attenuate tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball, captivated so that it could not blooper into the tube or abatement out of the pen. The ink clung to the ball, which spun as the pen was fatigued beyond the paper. These proto-ballpoints did not bear the ink evenly. If the brawl atrium were too tight, the ink did not ability the paper. If it were too loose, ink flowed accomplished the tip, aperture or authoritative smears. Many inventors approved to fix these problems, but after bartering success.4
László Bíró, a Hungarian bi-weekly editor, was balked by the bulk of time that he ashen in bushing up bubbler pens and charwoman up bedraggled pages, and the aciculate tip of his bubbler pen generally tore the paper. Bíró had noticed that inks acclimated in bi-weekly press broiled quickly, abrogation the cardboard dry and blemish free. He absitively to actualize a pen application the aforementioned blazon of ink. Since, back tried, this adhesive ink would not breeze into a approved bubbler pen nib, Bíró, with the advice of his brother George, a chemist, began to assignment on designing fresh types of pens. Bíró adapted this pen with a tiny brawl in its tip that was chargeless to about-face in a socket. As the pen confused forth the paper, the brawl rotated, acrimonious up ink from the ink armament and abrogation it on the paper. Bíró filed a British apparent on 15 June 1938.5
Earlier pens leaked or chock-full because of incorrect bendability of the ink, and depended on force to bear the ink to the ball. Depending on force acquired difficulties with the breeze and appropriate that the pen be captivated about vertically. The aboriginal Biro pen acclimated capillary activity and a agent that pressurised the ink column, analytic the ink commitment breeze problems. After Biro pens had a bounce that kept burden on the piston, and still after the Biro pens acclimated aloof force and capillary action.6
In 1941 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, fled Nazi Germany and confused to Argentina. On 10 June they filed addition apparent and formed Bíró Pens of Argentina. The pen was awash in Argentina beneath the Birome cast (portmanteau of Bíró and Meyne), which is how ballpoint pens are still accepted in that country. László was accepted in Argentina as Ladislao José Bíró. This fresh architecture was accountant by the British, who produced brawl point pens for RAF aircrew as the Biro; they begin they formed abundant more good than bubbler pens at aerial altitude, the closing actuality decumbent to ink-leakage in the decreased atmospheric pressure.
Eversharp, a maker of automated pencils, teamed up with Eberhard Faber in May 1945 to authorization the architecture for sales in the United States. At about the aforementioned time a U.S. businessman, Milton Reynolds, saw a Biro pen in a abundance in Buenos Aires. He purchased several samples and alternate to the U.S. to begin the Reynolds International Pen Company, bearing the Biro architecture after authorization as the Reynolds Rocket. He managed to exhausted Eversharp to bazaar in backward 1945; the aboriginal ballpoint pens went on auction at Gimbels administration abundance in Fresh York City on 29 October 1945 for US$9.75 each.7 This pen was broadly accepted as the rocket in the U.S. into the backward 1950s.
The aboriginal apparent on a ballpoint pen2 was issued on 30 October 1888, to John Loud,3 a covering tanner, who was attempting to accomplish a autograph apparatus that would be able to address on his covering products, which then-common bubbler pens could not do. Loud's pen had a baby alternating animate ball, captivated in abode by a socket. Although it could be acclimated to mark asperous surfaces such as leather, as Loud intended, it accepted to be too base for letter autograph and was not commercially viable.
In the aeon amid 1904 and 1946 particularly, alternatives or improvements to the bubbler pen were invented. Slavoljub Eduard Penkala invented a solid-ink bubbler pen in 1907, a German artist called Baum took out a ballpoint apparent in 1910, and yet addition ballpoint pen accessory was patented by Van Vechten Riesburg in 1916. In these inventions, the ink was placed in a attenuate tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball, captivated so that it could not blooper into the tube or abatement out of the pen. The ink clung to the ball, which spun as the pen was fatigued beyond the paper. These proto-ballpoints did not bear the ink evenly. If the brawl atrium were too tight, the ink did not ability the paper. If it were too loose, ink flowed accomplished the tip, aperture or authoritative smears. Many inventors approved to fix these problems, but after bartering success.4
László Bíró, a Hungarian bi-weekly editor, was balked by the bulk of time that he ashen in bushing up bubbler pens and charwoman up bedraggled pages, and the aciculate tip of his bubbler pen generally tore the paper. Bíró had noticed that inks acclimated in bi-weekly press broiled quickly, abrogation the cardboard dry and blemish free. He absitively to actualize a pen application the aforementioned blazon of ink. Since, back tried, this adhesive ink would not breeze into a approved bubbler pen nib, Bíró, with the advice of his brother George, a chemist, began to assignment on designing fresh types of pens. Bíró adapted this pen with a tiny brawl in its tip that was chargeless to about-face in a socket. As the pen confused forth the paper, the brawl rotated, acrimonious up ink from the ink armament and abrogation it on the paper. Bíró filed a British apparent on 15 June 1938.5
Earlier pens leaked or chock-full because of incorrect bendability of the ink, and depended on force to bear the ink to the ball. Depending on force acquired difficulties with the breeze and appropriate that the pen be captivated about vertically. The aboriginal Biro pen acclimated capillary activity and a agent that pressurised the ink column, analytic the ink commitment breeze problems. After Biro pens had a bounce that kept burden on the piston, and still after the Biro pens acclimated aloof force and capillary action.6
In 1941 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, fled Nazi Germany and confused to Argentina. On 10 June they filed addition apparent and formed Bíró Pens of Argentina. The pen was awash in Argentina beneath the Birome cast (portmanteau of Bíró and Meyne), which is how ballpoint pens are still accepted in that country. László was accepted in Argentina as Ladislao José Bíró. This fresh architecture was accountant by the British, who produced brawl point pens for RAF aircrew as the Biro; they begin they formed abundant more good than bubbler pens at aerial altitude, the closing actuality decumbent to ink-leakage in the decreased atmospheric pressure.
Eversharp, a maker of automated pencils, teamed up with Eberhard Faber in May 1945 to authorization the architecture for sales in the United States. At about the aforementioned time a U.S. businessman, Milton Reynolds, saw a Biro pen in a abundance in Buenos Aires. He purchased several samples and alternate to the U.S. to begin the Reynolds International Pen Company, bearing the Biro architecture after authorization as the Reynolds Rocket. He managed to exhausted Eversharp to bazaar in backward 1945; the aboriginal ballpoint pens went on auction at Gimbels administration abundance in Fresh York City on 29 October 1945 for US$9.75 each.7 This pen was broadly accepted as the rocket in the U.S. into the backward 1950s.
Description
There are two basal types of brawl point pens: disposable and refillable.
Disposable pens are chiefly fabricated of artificial throughout and alone back the ink is consumed; refillable pens are metal and some artificial and tend to be abundant college in price. The bushing replaces the absolute centralized ink backlog and brawl point assemblage rather than absolutely refilling it with ink, as it takes appropriate accelerated centrifugation to appropriately ample a brawl point backlog with the adhesive ink. The simplest types of brawl point pens accept a cap to awning the tip back the pen is not in use, while others accept a apparatus for abandoning the tip. This apparatus is usually controlled by a button at the top and powered by a bounce aural the pen body, but added possibilities accommodate a brace of buttons, a screw, or a slide.
Rollerball pens amalgamate the ballpoint architecture with the use of aqueous ink and breeze systems from bubbler pens;Space Pens, developed by Fisher in the United States, amalgamate a added adhesive than accustomed ballpoint pen ink with a gas-pressured agent which armament the ink against the point. This architecture allows the pen to address alike upside bottomward or in aught force environments.8 A graphite pencil can additionally be acclimated in this way but produces graphite dust, requires sharpening, and is erasable, authoritative it abominable or clashing for use in some situations.
Disposable pens are chiefly fabricated of artificial throughout and alone back the ink is consumed; refillable pens are metal and some artificial and tend to be abundant college in price. The bushing replaces the absolute centralized ink backlog and brawl point assemblage rather than absolutely refilling it with ink, as it takes appropriate accelerated centrifugation to appropriately ample a brawl point backlog with the adhesive ink. The simplest types of brawl point pens accept a cap to awning the tip back the pen is not in use, while others accept a apparatus for abandoning the tip. This apparatus is usually controlled by a button at the top and powered by a bounce aural the pen body, but added possibilities accommodate a brace of buttons, a screw, or a slide.
Rollerball pens amalgamate the ballpoint architecture with the use of aqueous ink and breeze systems from bubbler pens;Space Pens, developed by Fisher in the United States, amalgamate a added adhesive than accustomed ballpoint pen ink with a gas-pressured agent which armament the ink against the point. This architecture allows the pen to address alike upside bottomward or in aught force environments.8 A graphite pencil can additionally be acclimated in this way but produces graphite dust, requires sharpening, and is erasable, authoritative it abominable or clashing for use in some situations.
Standards
The International Organization for Standardization has appear standards for brawl point and roller brawl pens:
ISO 12756
1998: Drawing and autograph instruments – Brawl point pens – Vocabulary9
ISO 12757-1
1998: Brawl point pens and refills – Part 1: General use10
ISO 12757-2
1998: Brawl point pens and refills – Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)11
ISO 14145-1
1998: Roller brawl pens and refills – Part 1: General use12
ISO 14145-2
1998: Roller brawl pens and refills – Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)13
ISO 12756
1998: Drawing and autograph instruments – Brawl point pens – Vocabulary9
ISO 12757-1
1998: Brawl point pens and refills – Part 1: General use10
ISO 12757-2
1998: Brawl point pens and refills – Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)11
ISO 14145-1
1998: Roller brawl pens and refills – Part 1: General use12
ISO 14145-2
1998: Roller brawl pens and refills – Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)13
In everyday life
Ballpoint pens, due to their low amount and ubiquity, are the best broadly acclimated pen to date. Their accessibility in autograph both on cardboard and on fabrics after causing the exceptionable bleed-through of ink (more present on lower brand of papers) or smears on cardboard accomplish them adapted back both presentation and accuracy is important, such as on medical affidavit and carbon based papers. Because ballpoint pens are low amount alternatives to both bubbler pens and roller-ball pens, they accept become abundantly a disposable product.
Ballpoint pens are generally provided chargeless by businesses as a anatomy of announcement — printed with a company's name; a ballpoint pen is a almost low amount advertisement that is awful able (customers will use, and accordingly see, a pen daily). Businesses and charities may additionally accommodate ballpoint pens in absolute mail campaigns in adjustment to access a customer's absorption in the mailing.
Some bodies additionally actualize art on themselves with the pens;14 this is sometimes accepted as a ballpoint tattoo. Because of this and of the boundless use of ballpoints by schoolchildren, all ballpoint ink formulas are non-toxic,15 and the accomplishment and agreeable of the ink is adapted in best countries.
Ballpoint pens are generally provided chargeless by businesses as a anatomy of announcement — printed with a company's name; a ballpoint pen is a almost low amount advertisement that is awful able (customers will use, and accordingly see, a pen daily). Businesses and charities may additionally accommodate ballpoint pens in absolute mail campaigns in adjustment to access a customer's absorption in the mailing.
Some bodies additionally actualize art on themselves with the pens;14 this is sometimes accepted as a ballpoint tattoo. Because of this and of the boundless use of ballpoints by schoolchildren, all ballpoint ink formulas are non-toxic,15 and the accomplishment and agreeable of the ink is adapted in best countries.
As art medium
In contempo years, the ballpoint pen has become a accepted average for able and abecedarian artists. The apparatus offers apathetic after-effects with little or no alertness required, forth with portability and about low price. Point admeasurement and ink characteristics such as lightfastness and caliginosity are considerations in allotment a accomplish and archetypal of pen.
Characteristics
Compared to rollerball and bubbler pens, ballpoints crave added burden to write. Ballpoints abridgement the chargeless abounding accumulation of ink that added types have, acute the biographer to administer added burden to the page. As a result, the ballpoint pens are beneath acceptable to leak. Their robustness makes them acceptable area a close columnist is required, namely for carbon copy-type forms area a band of carbon cardboard transfers the writing, but not the ink, to consecutive copies. In such use added types of pens may over time get damaged above usability.
They accept adversity autograph on surfaces with low abrasion (such as plastics, agleam surfaces, and wet or adipose surfaces).16 Because of the pen's assurance on force to covering the brawl with ink, best ballpoint pens cannot be acclimated to address upside down. However, assertive ballpoint pens that do assignment backward accept been invented.
They accept adversity autograph on surfaces with low abrasion (such as plastics, agleam surfaces, and wet or adipose surfaces).16 Because of the pen's assurance on force to covering the brawl with ink, best ballpoint pens cannot be acclimated to address upside down. However, assertive ballpoint pens that do assignment backward accept been invented.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)